La Reserva Natural Fluvial Alto Trevélez es representativa de los ríos de alta montaña mediterránea silícea. Presenta una zona de lecho rocoso en cabecera, bien conservada y con escasa cobertura vegetal, como corresponde a un tramo fluvial de alta montaña. No obstante, a medida que desciende la altitud, se desarrolla una formación vegetal riparia dominada por saucedas, con presencia de algunos bosquetes de álamos pero con un reducido sotobosque, como muestra del efecto de las avenidas invernales sobre la vegetación de ribera. En las zonas más resguardadas se localizan avellanos que descienden desde las laderas, mientras que en los herbazales más húmedos se puede observar al escaso acónito, considerado por algunos autores como una variedad endémica de Sierra Nevada.
Cabe destacar, entre la fauna, la importancia de la trucha común, así como el sapo partero bético entre los anfibios, el mirlo acuático entre las aves y la rata de agua entre los mamíferos. Entre los artrópodos, aparece la libélula (Coenagrion mercuriale), indicador del buen estado ecológico de este tramo fluvial.
La reserva presenta una relevancia especial por su muy buen estado ecológico, y por presentar un armonioso equilibrio entre las condiciones del ecosistema fluvial y los usos tradicionales del agua por medio de la red de acequias de careo existente en este tramo de cabecera, y que con sus filtraciones favorecen el mantenimiento del caudal a lo largo del periodo estival más allá de lo que se esperaría en condiciones estrictamente naturales, favoreciendo asimismo el mantenimiento del ecosistema asociado.
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