La reserva natural subterránea (RNS) Aguaspeña ocupa una superficie de 15,9 km², dentro del Parque Natural Alto Tajo. El manantial se localiza a una cota de 1.438 m.s.n.m., en el municipio de Checa (Guadalajara), en el ámbito de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Tajo y dentro de los límites de la masa de agua subterránea ES030MSBT030.003 Tajuña – Montes Universales. Aporta sus aguas al río Cabrillas, afluente del Tajo.
El manantial de Aguaspeña es el punto de descarga principal del acuífero formado por las calizas, dolomías y carniolas del Lías (Jurásico), cuyo límite inferior impermeable está constituido por arcillas, margas y yesos del Keuper.
La recarga del acuífero se realiza por medio de la infiltración del agua de lluvia sobre los materiales carbonatados. A medida que el agua penetra en el terreno va disolviendo las rocas calcáreas y se enriquece en carbonato cálcico, hasta alcanzar un nivel impermeable que impide que el agua siga infiltrándose, lo que da lugar a la surgencia de estas aguas al exterior. Este carbonato cálcico disuelto en el agua precipita a la salida del manantial formando la toba calcárea y el edificio tobáceo de Aguaspeña, que constituyen un gran ejemplo del modelado exocarstico. La toba calcárea es una roca muy porosa que se forma a lo largo de cientos e incluso miles de años, llegando a formar grandes edificios tobáceos como el de Aguaspeña, recubiertos frecuentemente por musgos calcícolas (tipo anzuelo rizado y saxifraga dorada), así como por diversos tipos de vegetación asociada.
El caudal drenado por el manantial de Aguaspeña, aproximadamente 30 l/s, está condicionado por el funcionamiento kárstico del acuífero, por la precipitación según el carácter del año hidrológico (húmedo, promedio o seco), y por la estacionalidad de la recarga del acuífero (estiaje o invierno).
Además de su especial importancia desde el punto de vista de las aguas subterráneas, la zona donde se encuentra la RNS destaca por formar parte de la Red Natura 2000, así como por estar incluida en el ámbito del Parque Natural del Alto Tajo.
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