Se considera contaminación acústica a la presencia en el ambiente de ruidos o vibraciones, cualquiera que sea el emisor acústico que los origine, que impliquen molestia, riesgo o daño para las personas, para el desarrollo de sus actividades o para los bienes de cualquier naturaleza, o que causen efectos significativos sobre el medio ambiente.
El ruido es la transmisión de una energía vibratoria transmitida a través de un fluido (aire en el ruido aéreo y agua el en marino) que llega a nosotros provocando una serie de sensaciones, pero que al contrario que otros sonidos, que pueden trasmitirnos información o sensaciones agradables, nos provocan daño o molestia.
Niveles muy elevados pueden provocar sordera o daño temporal o permanente en nuestro oído, pero niveles inferiores a estos suponen interferencia en la comunicación humana o en la percepción de nuestro ambiente. Cada vez existe mayor evidencia científica de que la exposición al ruido provoca una respuesta en el organismo que aumenta el riesgo de padecer graves problemas de salud. Los efectos sobre la naturaleza también son relevantes.
Para la evaluación del ruido ambiental, los indicadores de uso más extendido son los niveles sonoros continuos equivalentes LAeq(T), que representan el nivel de presión sonora producido por un ruido constante con la misma energía que el ruido realmente percibido, que es variable, durante el intervalo de tiempo. Un mayor desarrollo en los conceptos necesarios para entender estos indicadores puede encontrarse en el documento "Conceptos básicos del ruido ambiental".
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